![]() ![]() By the late 1950s, as the demand for American steel declined, growing unemployment led to a rebirth of the Klan. ![]() These in turn led to strong unions, a resentful white underclass, alienated blacks, and a white elite imbued with a company-town ethos. From a journalist and member of one of Birmingham’s leading families, a vivid, admirably nuanced, and wide-ranging history of the city that became ground zero in the Civil Rights struggle as black children marched, the white establishment wrestled with the need to change, and the Ku Klux Klan engaged in murderous bombings.įounded only in 1871, Birmingham rapidly became a dynamic industrial center, but this city of “perpetual promise” saw its share of hard times. ![]()
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